Understanding the mutual relationship between history and literature has always been significant for men of letters. This relationship can be traced back to the writings of Plato and Aristotle. With the emergence of New Historicism in the 1980s, the duality between history and literature, which was the dominant mode of thought since Aristotle, collapsed and with the theories of Hayden White and Greenblatt, who viewed history and literature in a new light, the reciprocal relation of the two was proposed. Hayden White looks at history through the lens of language and believes that historical facts are made through narratives constructed by historians. To Greenblatt, literary texts are tools of power and this gives them the capacity to display the acts of imposing power and resisting it. Connecting history and literature, New Historicism holds power relations as the most important background to a text and regards the literary text as a space for the manifestation of power and the interaction of different discourses. Thus, modern literary criticism puts political texts in a new perspective which allows for political power to be analyzed by means of the tools of literary criticism such as metaphor, metonymy, irony and narrative techniques.

New historicism refers to an approach that does not accept history as the historians convey. This approach mostly is based on the ideas of the American professor, Stephen Greenblatt, in the eighties of the twentieth century. According to Greenblatt, new historicism presents a new reading of the text, not a school of criticism. New historicism investigates the multilateral relations of the literary works with other texts including the historical ones to clarify their inter-textual and extra-textual aspects. New historicism inspects the relations of power and cultural, social, and ideological constructs. From the new historicist point of view, there is no difference between literary and non-literary texts. The present paper attempts to examine The Silence of the Sea to reveal the author’ s and the history’ s influence in creating the literary work. With the help of Greenblatt and Foucault views, inter-textual factors such as power relations as the main context are studied in the paper as well.

At the dawn of the modern period, the English society was a patriarchal one. In other words, men dominated the society and the family. Patriarchal standards of Elizabethan age introduced women as figures that should be dominated and controlled. In most of Shakespeare's plays the conflict between women and the patriarchal ideology is shown. Women's resistance is the point of disagreement between Stephen Greenblatt who founded new historicism and Alan Sinfield who is one of cultural materialists in Britain. Greenblatt has a negative understanding of the mechanisms of power relations in which he states that resistances are contained within the standards of the dominant while Sinfield believes in the faultlines of the texts in which the dominant cannot hold the ground. Paulina can be seen as a clear manifestation of the text's gap. This study focuses on this disagreement with special references to The Winter’s Tale by Shakespeare. It also tries to analyze how female voices tried to gain power and space to be articulated.

Zeolites are microporous crystalline materials with a uniform pore size distribution on a molecular scale and with high thermal and chemical stability. Zeolite membranes NaA, ZSM-5, Mordenite< NaX and NaY grown onto seeded mullite supports. Separation performance of zeolite membranes were studied for water-dimethyl hydrazine mixtures using pervaporation (PV) method. The best flux and separation factor of the membranes were 0.62 kg/m2.h and 52000, respectively, for NaA zeolite membrane. Strong electrostatic interaction between ionic sites and water molecules (due to its polar nature) makes the zeolite NaA membrane very hydrophilic. Zeolite NaA membranes are thus well suited for separating liquid-phase mixtures by pervaporation method. In this study, experiments were conducted with various UDMH-water mixtures (1-20 wt. %) at 25oC. Total flux for UDMH-water mixtures was found to vary from 0.331 to 0.241 kg/m2.h with increasing UDMH concentration from 1 to 20 wt.%. Ionic sites of the NaA zeolite matrix play a very important role in water transport through the membrane. These sites act both as water sorption and transport sites. Surface diffusion of water occurs in an activated fashion through these sites. The precise nanoporous structure of the zeolite cage helps in a partial molecular sieving of the large solvent molecules leading to high separation factors. A comparison between experimental flux and calculated flux using Stephan Maxwell (S.M.) correlation was made and a linear trend was found to exist for water flux through the membrane with UDMH concentration.

Phase change materials are substances that absorb and release thermal energy during the process of melting and freezing. This characteristic makes phase change material (PCM) a favourite choice to integrate it in buildings. Stephan problem including melting and solidification in PMC materials is an practical problem in many engineering processes. The position of the moving boundary, its velocity and the temperature distribution within the domain are important for these applications. Well known numerical techniques have difficulties with time-dependent boundary conditions. Therefore, fine mesh and small time steps are needed to obtain accurate solutions. There are two main approaches to solve the Stefan problem: front-tacking and variable grid method. The most existing methods are not applicable to all situations and they cannot be easily implemeted in two-dimensional or threedimensional geometries and all boundary conditions. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to solve one-dimensional Stefan problem in all kind of boundary condition; also it can be easily extended for 2D and 3D Stephan problems using finite difference method. For validation, the results are compared with exact solution of constant boundary condition. Afterward, periodic boundary condition is considered. The results showed significant relationship between numerical and exact solution, and the maximum error was approximately 0. 4%.

As an approach to the relationship between literature and history, new historicism has been well received in Iranian academia. This reception was concomitant with some misunderstandings. A part of the problem is the result of the elusive nature of the approach. Moreover, lack of theoretical works in Iran has led to serious problems. Even though this approach is not a very recent one, it is a novelty in Iran. One of the reasons behind this novelty is lack of sufficient theoretical source in the field. A glance on the practice of new historicism reveals that the keen interest in the field and the lack of sufficient theoretical source has led to some misunderstandings. The present paper tries to correct some of the misunderstandings surrounding this approach.

The present study is a comparative study of Jean-Paul Sartre’ s The Age of Reason and Iris Murdoch’ s The Bell. The main focus is on “ unreliable narrator” which is a popular concept at the present time when humanity enjoys manipulating each other and suffers himself from misunderstandings. Wayne C. Booth was the earliest theorist who provided a practical definition of “ unreliable narrator” and his theory is considered as the framework. Previously, the studies only focused on homodiegetic narrators but, here, other narrative techniques are analyzed. In other words, the point of view and the presence of multiple perspectives and voices are crucial in the analysis of unreliable narratives. These narrative techniques and unreliable narrators are scrutinized at the social and political contexts of the novels. Accordingly, New Historicism, specifically Stephen Greenblatt’ s theory, is used as another approach to reveal the presence and function of the unreliable narrators in the selected literary works.

Commonly, facing the works of art within a historical theme, we either expect the work to match exactly with history, or expect to see some kind of artist's point of view from that historical period. The former cannot be recreated or represented in the world of art. The latter, however, does not have the same application. Therefore, with sufficient knowledge of the author and the discourse conditions and power relations during his life period, his perspective on history in a historical work can be analyzed better. In this article, through a comparative and historical method, two plays Death of Yazdgerd written by Bahram Beyzai and Romulus the Great written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt were examined from the perspective of new historicism to show how two playwrights were affected by history in two different places and times, and consequently influenced the history of their time. This comparative research shows that choosing a specific period of history to write a play was purposeful. Also, writing about a historical period is affected by the period of the playwright's life and culture, and the reason for the difference in the power relations and the ending of the texts lies within the same context.

In this work, the heat transfer coefficient in the pool boiling process was investigated for different alcoholic solutions. To exact evaluation, the bubble dynamic including bubble departure diameter, bubble departure frequency, and active nucleation sites’ density were studied. The results showed that with increasing isopropanol concentration (20 V. %-80 V. %), bubble departure frequency and active nucleation sites increased while bubble departure diameter decreased. The bubble dynamic cannot be effective in any amount and must be optimized to reach an optimum heat transfer coefficient. Isopropanol concentration of 20 V. % was reported as an optimum state and lower decrease versus deionized water (11. 892%). This result confirmed that the bubble departure diameter played a significant role in promoting the heat transfer coefficient. Finally, to predict the experimental data, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based correlation (power-law function) was developed. The optimization procedure revealed that the GA model had a good agreement with the experimental data (R2=0. 968, AAD= 0. 0288). In addition, this approach was compared with conventional models (Palen, Stephan, Unal, Fujita, and Inoue). The GA and the Stephan models presented the best and worst performance, respectively.